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How many types of dye fastness are there in textiles?
Dyeing fastness refers to the ability of dyes or pigments to maintain their original color and luster under the influence of various external factors during use or after dyeing. It is also a quality requirement for dyed and printed fabrics. Because the dyed fabrics will be discolored or discolored due to light, sweat, friction, washing, ironing and other reasons during wearing and storage, which will affect the appearance of the fabric or clothing. The nature or degree of variation in dyeing state can be expressed in terms of color fastness. The dyeing fastness of fabric is related to fiber type, yarn structure, fabric structure, printing and dyeing method, dye type and external force. It can be divided into light fastness, washing or soaping fastness, rubbing fastness, perspiration fastness, ironing fastness and sublimation fastness. Light fastness Light fastness refers to the degree to which colored fabrics are discolored by sunlight. The test method can be either sunlight exposure or sunlight exposure, and the fading degree of the samples after exposure is compared with the standard color sample. It is grade 8, grade 8 is the best, grade 1 is the worst; American Standard is divided into grade 5, grade 5 is the best, and grade 1 is the worst. Fabrics with poor light fastness should not be exposed to the sun for a long time, and should be dried in a ventilated place. Generally, a xenon lamp is used to test for 24 hours. Washing fastness Washing or soaping fastness refers to the degree of color change of dyed fabrics after washing with washing liquid. The gray grading sample card is usually used as the evaluation standard, that is, the evaluation is based on the color difference between the original sample and the faded sample. The washing fastness is divided into 5 grades, 5 is the best and 1 is the worst. Fabrics with poor washing fastness should be dry cleaned. If wet cleaning is carried out, more attention should be paid to the washing conditions, such as the washing temperature should not be too high, and the washing time should not be too long. Washing fastness is divided into two indicators, the original change and white cloth staining, and the white cloth staining is divided into six types of fibers: cotton, nylon, polyester, wool, acrylic, and acetate. The test temperature is 40/50/60/95 degrees, generally silk and wool use 40 degrees, and cellulose fibers use 60 degrees. Rubbing fastness Rubbing fastness refers to the degree of color fading of dyed fabrics after rubbing, which can be divided into dry rubbing and wet rubbing. The rubbing fastness is based on the staining degree of white cloth as the evaluation principle, which is divided into 5 grades (1-5). The larger the value, the better the rubbing fastness. Perspiration fastness Perspiration fastness refers to the degree of color fading after the dyed fabric is soaked in sweat. The perspiration fastness is not the same as the artificially prepared perspiration components, so it is generally not only measured separately, but also evaluated in combination with other color fastnesses. The perspiration fastness is divided into 1~5 grades, the higher the grade, the better. In the European standard and the national standard, the perspiration fastness is divided into acid perspiration fastness and alkali perspiration fastness. Ironing fastness Ironing fastness refers to the degree of discoloration or fading of dyed fabrics during ironing. The degree of discoloration and fading is evaluated by the staining of other fabrics by the iron at the same time. Ironing fastness is divided into 1 to 5 grades, 5 is the best and 1 is the worst. When testing the ironing fastness of different fabrics, the ironing temperature for the test should be selected. Sublimation fastness Sublimation fastness refers to the degree of sublimation that occurs in dyed fabrics during storage. The sublimation fastness is graded by gray scale sample card to evaluate the discoloration, fading and white cloth staining of the fabric after dry hot pressing. This test is generally used for disperse dyed polyester fabrics. Chlorine immersion fastness Chlorine immersion fastness is generally aimed at some swimming suits, because the seawater contains chlorine, which is easy to make the fabric fade. Now urban tap water also contains effective chlorine, and some hospital and hotel supplies need to be disinfected with chlorine-containing detergents, so higher and higher requirements are placed on the fastness to chlorine bleaching. Perspiration fastness Some fabrics have good perspiration fastness and light fastness after testing, but in actual use, especially in summer, sweat and sun exposure are easy to fade, which puts forward a new requirement , and at the same time, new standards were created. Peroxide fastness Most of the current washing powders are added with peroxides such as peracetic acid and some activators, which cause the textiles to be oxidized and faded during the washing process. Therefore, the color fastness of textiles must have a certain tolerance to peroxides. The dyeing fastness of normal fabrics generally requires grades 3 to 4 to meet the needs of wearing. Others include weather fastness, weeping color fastness, saliva fastness, blister fastness, dry cleaning fastness, etc. These fastnesses put forward higher and higher requirements for the printing and dyeing of textiles.
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1. ISO 5402-1: Specifies the flexometer method for testing leather flex resistance under repeated bending.
2. ISO 17694: Defines test methods for footwear upper and lining flex resistance, simulating real-world bending stress to assess long-term durability.
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