Classification and characteristics of instrumental analysis1

Classification of instrumental analysis Although there are many kinds of instrumental analysis methods, and new methods are constantly being produced, developed and perfected, they can be divided into the following four categories according to their basic principles. (1) Optical analysis is an analysis method based on the properties of light emission, absorption, scattering, diffraction, polarization, etc. of matter, which is called optical analysis. For example, visible-ultraviolet absorption. Photometry, infrared spectroscopy, pull-u spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, molecular emission. Optical analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, optical rotation , X-ray diffraction, photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, etc. (2) Electrochemical analysis is an analysis method based on the electrochemical properties of substances such as resistance, electrical difference, potential, current, and electricity, which is called electrochemical analysis. Such as conductometric analysis, potentiometric analysis, electrolysis and Coulomb analysis, voltammetry, etc. (3) Chromatographic analysis method This is a kind of analytical method based on the repeated partitioning and separation of the mixture between two immiscible phases that are in relative motion. According to the different states of mobile phase and stationary phase, chromatography can be divided into gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Chromatography is an important separation and analysis method for modern instrumental analysis. (4) Other instrumental analysis methods In addition to the above three categories, there are also some methods for analysis by using some special physical or chemical properties, such as differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis methods that use the thermal properties of objects to analyze; Radiochemical analysis based on the properties of radioisotopes; mass spectrometry based on the properties of the separation of positive ions in a magnetic field according to their mass-to-charge ratios; physical and chemical nonequilibrium established in fluids Flow injection analysis, etc., which measure under dynamic conditions. In addition, according to the characteristics of the analysis object, the analysis of each instrument can be divided into atomic or ion analysis methods, molecular analysis methods, surface and interface analysis methods, separation analysis methods, etc. The main characteristics of instrumental analysis Although there are many kinds of instrumental analysis methods, each method is often self-contained and has its own basic theory, working principle, instrument and operation method, but they also have certain commonalities. For example, it all involves the basic problem of analysis object, analysis instrument and analysis method; the analysis process usually includes five basic issues: sample collection, sample pretreatment, instrument calibration, sample measurement or characterization, and analysis data processing. link. The samples collected must be representative and free from contamination and loss of components. in many circumstances. The sample must be pretreated to eliminate interference and enrich the components to be tested, and the common pretreatment methods are similar to chemical analysis methods, such as digestion, masking, extraction, fractionation, ion exchange, precipitation, etc. Therefore, instrumental analysis is inseparable from chemical knowledge, and chemical analysis is the basis of instrumental analysis. Instrumental analysis is a method of relative measurement, which requires the use of standard substances to calibrate the instrument, and compare the standard sample with the sample to be tested to obtain the result of the determination. The standard substances are usually calibrated by chemical analysis methods. To measure the physical properties or physicochemical properties of substances, special instruments are often required. The operator must understand the working principle of the instrument, and understand the basic structure, operation method, and test conditions of the instrument. Before the first use, you must be familiar with the instruction manual of the instrument, and operate in strict accordance with the regulations to avoid damage to the instrument. The general process of instrumental analysis and measurement is usually: generate a physical signal related to the sample (such as light, electricity, sound, heat, magnetism, etc.); through appropriate sensors, convert the signal into a signal that is easy to transmit, amplify, display or The recorded electrical signal; the weak signal is amplified with an amplifier, then displayed and recorded; finally, the recorded data is analyzed and processed to obtain the measurement result. This book will introduce some of the most commonly used instrumental analysis methods. The common advantages of these methods are high sensitivity, good selectivity, fast analysis speed, and small sample volume. But their relative error is generally more than 1%. For the analysis of the constant components with a content of more than 1%, it is not as accurate as the chemical analysis method, but for the trace components with a content of 1% to 0.01% and the content of less than 0.01%. Trace analysis is much more accurate than chemical analysis. When learning instrument analysis, you should understand the basic principles of each method, master the relevant basic concepts and methods, and understand the basic structure, operation methods and test conditions of the instrument; at the same time, pay attention to understanding and comparing each The scope of application, advantages and disadvantages, limitations of the method, and the reasons for the measurement error; in addition, various instrumental analysis data processing methods must also be mastered. Instrumental analysis is a highly experimental course. You should cherish the opportunity to experiment, preview carefully, understand the principle of experiment,Be clear about the experimental steps; observe carefully in the experiment, think diligently, combine theories, use both hands and brains, and strive to improve your ability to analyze and solve problems. In a word, instrumental analysis involves a wide range of knowledge, which determines the difficulty of learning instrumental analysis courses; there are many types of instruments, which determines its complexity; many instruments are more advanced, complex and expensive, which Determines its mystery; its application is very extensive. It is an indispensable powerful weapon in many fields such as production, life and scientific research, which determines its importance and practicality. In learning, we should take these characteristics into account.

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