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Comparative Analysis on the Burning Performance Standards of Textiles in Various Countries
Europe, America, Japan and other countries have long legislated the combustion performance of a series of textile products, including clothing fabrics, pajamas, children's pajamas, carpets, mattresses, curtains, etc., which require that they pass the combustion test before they can be produced and used; the United States The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) also legislates that all textiles used in high-rise buildings, aviation, shipping, hospital nursing homes, mass gathering places and flammable work areas must pass the flame resistance test. The following mainly introduces the corresponding technical regulations and standards of the United States, Canada, Japan, Europe and China. 1. The United States The United States passed the Flammable Fabric Act (FFA) as early as 1953, revised it in 1954 and 1967, and was enforced by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) (Table 2). Standards and regulations applicable to the scope of combustion performance technical requirements Remarks 16CFR1610 clothing textile flammability standard level 1: general flammability does not contain lint, soft hair, tufts and lint fabrics and other fabrics without raised fibers on the surface. The flame spread time is ≥3.5s. Can be used for clothing products. Fabrics containing pile, soft hair, tufts and lint, and other fabrics without raised fibers on the surface. The flame spreading time is more than 7s or the surface burning is relatively rapid (within 0-7s), but the flame intensity cannot ignite or melt the substrate of the fabric. Grade 2: Moderately flammable fabrics containing lint, soft wool, tufts and lint, and other fabrics without raised fibers on the surface. The flame spread time is 4~7s (including the burning and melting time of the basal tissue). It can be used in clothing products, but should be used with caution, because the flammability test results of textile fabrics will vary with the characteristics of the fabric. Grade 3: Fast and violent burning of fabrics that do not contain lint, soft wool, tufts and lint, and other fabrics that do not have raised fibers on the surface. The flame spreading time is less than 4s. Such fabrics are considered to be flammable and dangerous, and cannot be used in clothing products because of their rapid and violent burning. Fabrics containing pile, soft hair, tufts and lint, and other fabrics without raised fibers on the surface. The flame spreading time is less than 4s, and the flame intensity is sufficient to burn or melt the base tissue. 16CFR1615 Children's Pajamas Flammability Standard No. 0-6 Children's Pajamas and related materials. The average carbonization length of the 5 samples is less than or equal to 17.8cm (7”). The carbonization length of any of the 5 samples is less than or equal to 25.4cm (10”), that is, none of the samples can be completely burned. There is only one sampling method-conventional sampling method: a batch of 500 dozen. 16CFR1616 Flammability Standard for Children's Pajamas No. 0-6 Children's Pajamas and Related Materials, No. 7-14 Children's Pajamas and Related Materials. Two sampling methods: ①Conventional sampling method; ②Relaxed sampling method: 15 consecutive batches of qualified samples can be implemented with a relaxed sampling method: 1,000 dozen as a batch. 16CFR1630 Carpet and felt surface flammability standard carpets. The distance from the edge of the carbonized area of u200bu200ba single sample to any point on the edge of the metal frame (d20.3cm) is ≥2.54cm, then the sample is qualified; at least 7 of the 8 samples are the distance from the edge of the carbonized area to the edge of the metal frame ＞2.54cm, the carpet test is qualified. 16CFR1631 Small carpets and carpets surface flammability standard Small carpets: size ≤183cm, area ≤223m2. 16CFR1632 mattresses and mattresses flammability standards for various household mattresses, excluding those installed on vehicles Kind of mattress. If the carbonization length measured at the closest point to the cigarette in any direction on the surface of the mattress is ≤5.1cm, then the single cigarette test is partially qualified; generally 18 cigarettes are required to be lit for the test, and all parts of the test are qualified to qualify the mattress. 2. The Canadian regulations on textile flame retardancy are included in the dangerous goods laws and regulations, and Health Canada is responsible for sending inspectors to enforce them (Table 3). The scope of application of standards and regulations, combustion performance, technical requirements, hazardous products regulations, any flammable, toxic and other products that pose a threat to public health and safety, textiles and clothing also belong to the flat fabric of textile fiber products. Flame expansion time>3.5s. The surface is raised fabric. Flame expansion time> 4s. Children's pajamas, pillows, cots, cribs or other textiles used for sleep with size ≤14. Flame expansion time>7s. Hazardous Products (Children’s Pajamas) Regulations The average carbonization length of 5 samples of children’s pajamas is ≤178mm; the carbonization length of a maximum of 1 sample is equal to the overall length of the sample (254mm). Children's pajamas treated with flame retardant should be attached with a permanent label indicating the flame retardant, the cleaning process and the guarantee that the flame retardancy of the product will not be reduced after use. The Hazardous Products (Carpets) Regulations require that carpets have flammability warnings on their labels. Dangerous Products (Tent) Regulations. The damage length of the textile material floor material of the tent is ≤25mm; the continuous burning time of a single sample of the wall and ceiling materials is ≤4s, the average continuous burning time of the sample is ≤2s; the damage length of a single sample is ≤255mm , The average damage length of the sample varies according to the square meter weight of the sample and has a different specified range. The flame spread time of plush toys made of textile fiber materials in the Hazardous Products (Toys) Regulations is> 7s. If one of the five samples fails, another five samples will be tested. If two of the ten samples fail Qualified, the product is unqualified. Dangerous Products (Mattress) Regulations The length of carbonization or charring in any direction around the mattress cigarette is ≤50mm, and after the cigarette is extinguished, the sample continues to burn for ≤10min.
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1. ISO 5402-1: Specifies the flexometer method for testing leather flex resistance under repeated bending.
2. ISO 17694: Defines test methods for footwear upper and lining flex resistance, simulating real-world bending stress to assess long-term durability.
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Ball Burst Method (ASTM D3787): Steel ball penetration for textiles/films using testers like GT-C02-2.
Hydraulic Method (ISO 13938.1): Fluid pressure on rubber diaphragm for industrial fabrics via GT-C12A.
Pneumatic Method (ISO 13938.2): Compressed air for breathable materials tested with GT-C12B.
Results are influenced by raw materials, yarn properties,
The Heat Contact Machine GT-C101 is a specialized testing instrument designed for evaluating the heat resistance and thermal protective performance of gloves, protective clothing, and other heat-resistant materials used in high-temperature environments. In industries such as smelting, casting, welding, and glass manufacturing, workers are frequently exposed to intense heat, making accurate testing of contact heat resistance essential for ensuring safety and compliance.
GT-C101 simulates real working conditions by measuring heat transfer delay and thermal transmission under instant contact with high-temperature surfaces. Fully compliant with EN 407, EN 702, and ISO 12127-1 standards, this machine provides precise, repeatable data for manufacturers, laboratories, and research institutions. With high-temperature capability up to 500°C, advanced calorimetry, digital monitoring, and adjustable contact speed, the Heat Contact Machine GT-C101 is an indispensable tool for developing and certifying next-generation PPE and heat-insulation materials.
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