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The development process of American textile and garment industry
1 The rise, decline, transformation and upgrading of the US textile and garment industry is similar to that of other developed countries. The US textile industry is also an important industrial industry that developed along with the first industrial revolution. In 1790, the establishment of the first hydro-spinning mill in North American history marked the beginning of the industrialization era in the United States. From the beginning of the development of the UK's textile industrialization technology, to becoming an important textile industrialized country in the world through transformation and innovation, it can be said that the textile industry, as the mother industry of the American industrialization process, has not only laid a solid foundation for the strong industrialized production capacity of the United States It has also made important contributions to the advancement of science and technology and the growth of the national economy in the United States. On October 20, 1990, the then US President George W. Bush said at the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the US textile industry:“The US textile industry has played an indelible role in the growth and competitiveness of the US economy.”Like the decline of many traditional manufacturing industries after the mid-industrialization period, the US textile industry has experienced tremendous changes and adjustments from prosperity to recession in the 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States took advantage of cotton resources and was the first to realize the industrialization of chemical fiber production, replacing the United Kingdom with cotton fabrics and chemical fiber fabrics as the world's textile manufacturing center at that time. Beginning in the mid-20th century, the US textile industry's production capacity and the status of the textile industry in its domestic economy began to slowly decline. After that, the explosive growth of emerging industries such as computers and electronic products (Figure 1) accelerated the decline of the US textile industry.— In just 12 years in 1961, the number of employees in the US textile industry fell by 30.7%. In the mid-to-late 20th century, the recession caused by the competitive impact of the post-industrial countries was particularly evident in the United States and other industrial pioneering countries. With the rising labor costs in the United States, strong fluctuations in the value of the dollar, and the textile industry of emerging economies with demographic dividends The rise of the U.S. textile industry has seen a rapid decline in production capacity and the number of employees. 1987— In 2009, the total output of the US textile industry fell from $67.6 billion to $45.8 billion, a drop of nearly one-third; 1998— In 2010, the number of employees in the US textile industry fell by 64%. Especially in 2005, the textile and apparel quota system was withdrawn from the historical stage, facing the pressure of the sharp increase in the import volume of apparel products from low-cost countries, and the downstream apparel manufacturing industry of the US textile industry shrunk seriously. However, with the disappearance of the comparative advantage of the manufacturing industry, the US textile industry has not withdrawn from its national industrial system in the process of gradually withdrawing from the world manufacturing center. Instead, through transformation and upgrading, the production scale has declined significantly while maintaining With the continuous improvement of economic benefits, industrial benefits and production efficiency have been significantly improved (Figure 2). Throughout the transformation and upgrading process of the American textile industry from the mid to late 20th century to the beginning of this century, it has mainly experienced the adjustment and transformation of the following characteristics. The first is industrial transfer. The domestic textile and garment industry is transferred from the northern and mid-Atlantic regions to the southern and western regions, and the processing or assembly links are transferred abroad to reduce costs and strengthen the ability to adapt to the market. Second, through mergers and acquisitions, outdated production capacity was eliminated, which greatly improved market concentration. At the same time, a group of well-performing enterprises upgraded their production equipment through automation, management innovation (information technology and management information system), vertical integration of the industrial chain, and expansion of brand portfolios, etc. strategy, greatly improving operational efficiency and supply chain integration capabilities, forming a group of powerful textile multinational groups. The third is to formulate the well-known AMTEX textile technology development plan. Through technological innovation and product quality improvement, especially the research and development of new fibers and new technologies, a group of enterprises and technical capital with unique competitive advantages in subdivided professional fields have been formed. Fourth, through various regional& The Middle East and Asia) Free Trade Agreement, aiming at the differences in factor costs of different countries, positioning value chain activities in countries with comparative advantages, thereby shrinking the manufacturing link, focusing its value chain on product development, marketing and distribution links, controlling product design, marketing and distribution. Critical quality standards, product delivery, inventory, and price“Value Chain”Nodes, and lead developing countries' textile and garment manufacturers to participate in the mode and benefit distribution of the global value chain division of labor through the global production network. The fifth is to carry out digital transformation with the help of information technology and the Internet, and promote flexible and personalized product production and sales to become dominant, realize automatic processing, manufacturing and management through flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), and effectively integrate its distribution with the help of information technology and the Internet. Supply chains around the world“node”, while reacting quickly to changes in market demand, and taking advantage of the resource advantages of different countries (regions) to effectively reduce production costs.
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