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Factors Influencing the Combustion Properties of Textiles
Test methods for textile combustion performance include vertical combustion method, 45°Combustion method, horizontal combustion method and oxygen index method; according to the different ignition sources, it is divided into cigarette smoldering resistance test and flame resistance test [1-4]. The combustion performance test of the same fabric will have various standards due to different issuing agencies, such as the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Canadian National Standards Institute (CAN/CGSB), the European Standards Association ( EN), British Standards Institution (BS), German Standards Institute (DIN), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), etc., various textile combustion performance test standards, as well as my country's relevant national standards (GB) and textile industry standards (FZ) Wait. Differences in national standards lead to different test methods to evaluate fabrics, and a single combustion test method cannot fully reflect the combustion performance of certain materials. Multiple test methods should be combined for comprehensive evaluation [5-8]. In international textile trade, it is often necessary to test in accordance with the standards set by the textile consumer country and have relevant conformity inspection reports before entering the local market for sale. The United States is a major consumer of textiles in my country, and it is not uncommon for my country's textiles exported to the United States to be punished for unqualified combustion performance, which should arouse the attention of relevant enterprises and testing institutions. The United States has several standards for testing the flammability of textiles. In order to analyze the influence of test conditions on the test data, this article uses the flammability regulations of clothing textiles formulated by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).———16 CFR 1610 is used as an example for the experimental analysis. In the process of testing the flammability of textiles in accordance with 16 CFR 1610 regulations, there are many factors that can affect the test results. Through careful interpretation of 16CFR 1610, three main influencing factors were selected for analysis, including the cooling time after sample drying in the test sample preparation stage, the dry cleaning method in the sample dry cleaning stage and the water temperature control in the water washing stage [8]. 1. Test part 1. The test principle is judged by the burning rate of the fabric: After the textile is in contact with the flame for a certain period of time according to the method specified in 16 CFR1610, the flame is removed, and the burning time of a certain length of fabric is measured. The longer the burning time, the better the flame retardant properties of the fabric. 16 CFR 1610 test using 45°Combustion method, which in a specific test apparatus, first dried and then cooled standard sample to 45°Place, use a commercial grade butane gas flame to ignite on the lower surface of the standard sample for 1 s, observe the ignition situation and record the time required to burn a certain distance. 16 CFR 1610 stipulates that the flammability of the sample is determined in two steps, that is, the flammability of the sample in the initial state and the flammability of the sample after dry cleaning and water washing are measured successively. The fabric is pre-judged to find the direction with the fastest burning speed, and test the direction with the fastest speed. A total of 5 samples are taken, and the average value is taken. Each sample size is 150 mm×50mm. The fabric is classified according to the burning time and burning phenomenon of the fabric. The combustion performance of fabrics is divided into 3 grades: (1) Grade 1. Unignited, or burn time for smooth-surfaced textiles≥3.5 s; for textiles with raised fibers on the surface, it is not ignited, or the burning time is more than 7 s, or the burning time is 0 to 7 s, but the base fabric does not burn, but the surface burns rapidly; (2) Class 2. Not applicable for textiles with a smooth surface; 4 s for textiles with raised fibers on the surface≤burning time≤7 s, the base cloth burns. (3) Level 3. For textiles with a smooth surface, the burning time is less than 3.5 s; for textiles with raised fibers on the surface, the burning time is less than 4 s, and the base fabric burns. If the as-is test results are in Class 1 or Class 2, then test the washed sample. Belonging to level 3, it is directly classified to level 3, and the washed samples are not tested. A sample of the washed sample was tested and the grade with the poorer two-step combustion result was taken. 2. Results and Discussion 16 CFR 1610 regulations divide clothing textiles into two categories according to the surface state: textiles with smooth surface (smooth fabrics) and textiles with raised fibers (suede fabrics). In this test, glossy fabrics were selected for the analysis of the two influencing factors of cooling time and washing temperature, and glossy fabrics and suede fabrics were selected for comprehensive consideration in the analysis of the influence of the dry cleaning method. 1. Influence of cooling time The cooling time of the test samples after drying is 15 and 60 min respectively. The test results under the same conditions in accordance with 16 CFR 1610 regulations are as follows: the combustion characteristics are all base cloth combustion, and samples A1 to 5 As is, after cooling for 15 min, the burning time was 5. 6.5. 9.6. 3.6. 0, 6.0 s, the average value is 6.0, and the CV value is 4.2%; samples A1-5 were cooled as they were for 60 min
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Ball Burst Method (ASTM D3787): Steel ball penetration for textiles/films using testers like GT-C02-2.
Hydraulic Method (ISO 13938.1): Fluid pressure on rubber diaphragm for industrial fabrics via GT-C12A.
Pneumatic Method (ISO 13938.2): Compressed air for breathable materials tested with GT-C12B.
Results are influenced by raw materials, yarn properties,
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