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Introduction to the principle and operation method of tensile testing machine1
The measurement principle of the tensile machine: 1. The measurement of the force value of the tensile testing machine is completed by the force sensor, the amplifier and the data processing system. Under the premise of small deformation, the strain ε at a certain point of an elastic element is proportional to the force on the elastic element, and is also proportional to the elastic deformation. Taking the sensor of the S-type testing machine as an example, when the sensor is subjected to the effect of the tensile force P, because the elastic element is pasted with a strain gauge, since the strain of the elastic element is proportional to the size of the external force P, the strain gauge is connected to the measurement circuit. , you can measure its output voltage, and then measure the size of the force. 2. The measurement of the deformation of the tensile machine is measured by the deformation measurement installation, which is used to measure the deformation of the sample during the experimental process. The device has two chucks, which are connected with the photoelectric encoder installed on the top of the measuring device through a series of biomechanical mechanisms. When the distance between the two chucks changes, the shaft of the photoelectric encoder is driven to rotate, and the photoelectric encoder There will be a pulse signal output. The signal is then processed by the processor, and the deformation of the sample can be obtained. 3. The principle of measuring the displacement of the beam of the tensile machine is roughly the same as that of the deformation measurement. The displacement of the beam is obtained by measuring the number of output pulses of the photoelectric encoder. Operation method: 1. About the loading and unloading of the sample: the round sample is clamped in the center of the round jaw fixture, and the sample is clamped. The flat specimen shall be perpendicular to the fixture and shall not be skewed. The clamping part should be long enough, at least 3/4 of the length of the clamping block. When the upper and lower chucks are clamped, it is forbidden to lift the beam. 2. About force value reset: used to display the sampled data, there is a sensor bar on the main interface of the software. The electronic tensile tester can display the values of 4 kinds of sensors, namely test force, displacement, extensometer and peak force. Usually after clamping the specimen and clamping the extensometer, the sensors should be cleared to start the test. However, the reset of the force sensor is very special. First, clamp the upper chuck of the tensile fixture, then adjust the lower beam to the proper position, reset the force value, and then clamp the lower chuck. 3. Permanent deformation: After removing the load, the material still remains deformed. 4. Yield point: When the material is stretched on the electronic tensile testing machine, the deformation increases and the stress remains unchanged. This point is the yield point. The yield point is divided into upper and lower yield points, usually the upper yield point is used as the yield point. Submission: The load exceeds the limit and the elongation is no longer proportional, the load will drop suddenly, and then within a period of time, it will be bumpy up and down, and the elongation will change greatly. This phenomenon is called submission. 5. Yield strength: The quotient obtained by dividing the load at which the permanent elongation reaches a certain regular value when stretching is divided by the original cross-sectional area of the parallel part. 6. K value of the spring: the ratio of the force weight and the deformation in the same phase as the deformation. 7. Effective elasticity and hysteresis loss.
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