The wisdom of the ancients The earliest instrument in China1

what we usually say“Air humidity”generally refers to“Relative humidity”, which is the ratio of the actual water vapor pressure in the air to the saturated water vapor pressure at the current temperature, expressed as a percentage, the larger the percentage, the greater the air humidity. Of course, the ancients did not know the percentage of relative humidity, but there is still a rough concept of air dryness and wetness: the lower the humidity, the drier the air, and the higher the humidity, the more humid the air. As early as the Western Jin Dynasty, Fu Xuan published a poem 'Yanhan Poem'.“Flying dust from the river, no grass in the fields.”The dryness of the air and the severity of the drought were written. Mei Yaochen's poem 'Plum Rain' in the Song Dynasty has“Wet fungi grow dry fences, moisten the qi and purify the clothes.”one of them“moisturizing”It's moisture, humidity. The ancients could even make weather forecasts based on the humidity of the air. In the 'Book of Xiangyu' written by Huang Zifa in the Tang Dynasty, there are“Those who naturally produce water on the wall, the sky will rain heavily”,“Ishigami Jin runs out of liquid, it will rain for several days” etc. record. The air humidity is invisible to the naked eye. How to roughly estimate the air humidity actually involves the measurement of air humidity. my country is the first country to invent humidity measuring instruments. Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Lun Heng·It was once said in The Changes that the strings become loose and it will rain. The loose strings are caused by the weather becoming humid and the strings elongated, indicating that the air humidity is high. It can be seen that the ancient harp can also be used as a primitive air humidity measuring instrument. in modern hair hygrometers“hair”, is actually the miniaturization and precision of ancient strings. Lou Yuanli also said in the book 'Tianjia Wuxing' in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, if the dry and clean strings of good quality suddenly become loose automatically, it is because the piano bed is wet; the occurrence of this phenomenon indicates that the heaven will be general Rainy. He also mentioned that if the tone produced by the strings of the qin and serge is not well tuned, it will also indicate rainy weather. In fact, this is also because the looser strings have lower intonation sensitivity, which is in line with scientific reasons. In 'Historical Records'·In the Book of the Officials of Heaven, there was a mention of an instrument in which soil and charcoal were hung on both sides of the balance to observe the rise and fall of the balance at one end of the charcoal. This is actually the original“hygrometer”. The principle is: when the weather is dry, the charcoal will be light, and the balance will tend to the soil; when the weather is wet, the charcoal will be heavy, and the balance will tend to the charcoal. That's what the ancients said“When dry, the charcoal is light; when wet, the charcoal is heavy.”. 'Huainanzi'·The Thai Ethnic Training says:“It is so wet that it is impossible to see its shape, and the charcoal is already heavy.”Translated into modern Chinese, it is: when the moisture comes, people are invisible; but the charcoal has already shown heaviness. This further clarifies that this hygrometer can measure invisible water vapor. Obviously, such a humidity measuring instrument is better than the measurement method and accuracy.“String moisture measurement”One step further. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, Nan Huairen, a Western missionary who came to China, used the tendons of the deer to make a string hygrometer to test the dryness and dampness in the air. The principle is also“Deer tendon absorbs moisture”, but making the instrument in this way is too cruel and too expensive. The inventor of the humidity measuring instrument closest to the modern hygrometer is Huang Lvzhuang, an inventor in the Qing Dynasty. Huang Lvzhuang, born in 1656, invented or improved many optical instruments (such as searchlights, telescopes, microscopes), and also invented many“tester”, among which the heat detector is the modern“thermometer”The prototype of the desiccant; and the humidifier is the modern“hygrometer”It uses the principle of hygroscopic expansion and contraction of strings to measure the humidity in the air, which is more than a hundred years earlier than the hair hygrometer invented by the Swiss Saussure.

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