Gester Instruments | Professional Textile, Footwear and PPE Testing Equipments Manufacturers Since 1997
Common methods for testing textile pilling
1. Terms and definitions: 1. Fuzzing: obvious surface changes caused by the protruding of fibers on the surface of the fabric or the extension of the fiber ends to form plush; 2. Fuzzy balls: the entanglement of fibers protruding from the surface of the fabric, dense and not light A ball that penetrates and produces a projection. Fluff changes and hairball formation may occur during washing, dry cleaning, wearing or use. 3. Pilling: the overweight of hair balls on the surface of the fabric. 2. Excessive fuzzing and pilling: The basic unit of fabric is yarn. The yarn is subjected to carding, stretching and friction during processing. Its surface is not smooth, and fluff will inevitably appear. The fabric is constantly subjected to external force during the weighing process, so that the fluff or monofilament on the surface of the fabric is gradually pulled out. When the height and density of the fur reach a certain value, the continued action of external friction makes the fur entangled into a ball. Protruding on the surface of the fabric, if the rigidity of the material is large, it is not easy to fall off under the action of friction after pilling, and eventually form a hair ball. Fabric pilling will deteriorate the appearance of the fabric and reduce its wearability. It is one of the important testing items in trade transactions. 3. Methods of testing fabric pilling performance: 1. Martindale method: under specified pressure, the circular sample on the sample holder and the abrasive on the grinding table (the same fabric or wool fabric abrasive as the tested sample) Follow the Li Sharu curve for friction. The sample can rotate freely around the central axis perpendicular to the plane of the sample. After the prescribed friction stage, visual description is used to evaluate the fuzzing and pilling level of the sample. Gellowen Martindale Abrasion Tester 2. Pilling box method: The sample mounted on the polyurethane tube is arbitrarily turned over in a wooden box lined with cork with a constant speed. After the specified number of turns, visual description and evaluation of the pilling performance. ICI roller box pilling and snag tester 3. Random tumbling method: Put the sample in the test box, under the rotation of the impeller, the cork lining of the storage box will rub continuously and randomly. After the set time is reached, the sample is taken out Make a rating. Gellowen random pilling tester 4. Circular trajectory method: According to the specified method and test parameters, use nylon brush and fabric abrasive or only fabric abrasive to make the sample friction and pilling. Then under the specified lighting conditions, visual description and evaluation of the pilling performance. Gellowen Round Track Pilling Apparatus More about Roller Box Pilling Apparatus: http://www.standard-groups.com/TextileGarment/
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Ball Burst Method (ASTM D3787): Steel ball penetration for textiles/films using testers like GT-C02-2.
Hydraulic Method (ISO 13938.1): Fluid pressure on rubber diaphragm for industrial fabrics via GT-C12A.
Pneumatic Method (ISO 13938.2): Compressed air for breathable materials tested with GT-C12B.
Results are influenced by raw materials, yarn properties,
The Heat Contact Machine GT-C101 is a specialized testing instrument designed for evaluating the heat resistance and thermal protective performance of gloves, protective clothing, and other heat-resistant materials used in high-temperature environments. In industries such as smelting, casting, welding, and glass manufacturing, workers are frequently exposed to intense heat, making accurate testing of contact heat resistance essential for ensuring safety and compliance.
GT-C101 simulates real working conditions by measuring heat transfer delay and thermal transmission under instant contact with high-temperature surfaces. Fully compliant with EN 407, EN 702, and ISO 12127-1 standards, this machine provides precise, repeatable data for manufacturers, laboratories, and research institutions. With high-temperature capability up to 500°C, advanced calorimetry, digital monitoring, and adjustable contact speed, the Heat Contact Machine GT-C101 is an indispensable tool for developing and certifying next-generation PPE and heat-insulation materials.
1. ISO 5402-1: Specifies the flexometer method for testing leather flex resistance under repeated bending.
2. ISO 17694: Defines test methods for footwear upper and lining flex resistance, simulating real-world bending stress to assess long-term durability.
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