Several common physical properties and test methods of leather

Leather is a sturdy and durable material made of animal skins through a series of physical and chemical processes. It has good thermal stability, heat resistance and cold resistance, breathability and moisture The coloring ability is favored by people. Leather has an irreplaceable position in people's daily life, and the clothing and daily necessities made from it have been used by people for a long time. With the improvement of scientific and technological level, the tanning process has been continuously developed, and new materials have been successfully developed one after another. With social progress and economic development, people's living standards are getting higher and higher, making the demand for leather products more and more prosperous. In the context of economic globalization, the laws and regulations on leather and luggage in various countries are constantly being introduced, and consumers are paying more and more attention to the quality and safety of leather. In order to meet the increasing demands of consumers for high-quality leather and improve the performance indicators of leather products, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of its common physical properties and test methods, so as to better complete the test, provide accurate data, and guide production practices. 1 Classification of leather The classification of leather is quite complicated. According to the tanning method, it can include chrome tanned leather, vegetable tanned leather, oil tanned leather, aldehyde tanned leather and combined tanned leather. According to the level, there are first-layer leather and second-layer leather, among which the first-layer leather includes full-grain leather and shaving leather; the second-layer leather includes pig second-layer leather and cattle second-layer leather. In addition to the above classification methods, because there are many types of leather materials, we are generally more accustomed to classifying them according to their types. Mainly divided into natural leather and substitute leather. Natural leather is what we call it“Genuine Leather”Most of them are composed of cowhide, sheepskin, pigskin, miscellaneous skin, shaving leather, etc. Among them, cowhide, sheepskin and pigskin are the three major types of leather used in leather making. Substitute leather is what we call it“fake leather”, is a general term for man-made materials such as PVC and PU. Because synthetic leather or other leather-like products are actually artificially synthesized products from basic chemical raw materials. 1.1 Natural leather 1.1.1 Cowhide (leather) There are two main types of cowhide: yellow cowhide and buffalo cowhide. The pores of yellow cowhide are small and shallow, distributed in a circle, uniform and tight, the pores are straight and extend inward, feel plump, smooth, bright, soft, fine lines, firm and elastic, and can be used in six layers. Buffalo hide has thin hair, thick and deep hair roots, thick epidermis, rough leather surface and poor texture. Generally used for soles, leather shoes, belts, jackets, cowhide ropes, cowhide mats, etc. The cow leather processed from cowhide has a fine surface, high strength, good air permeability and good water vapor permeability of natural leather. It has large width, fine pores, gentle papillae, small differences in parts, smooth grain surface, and orderly arrangement of pores. It is the first choice for leather products. It is often used to make daily necessities such as leather bags, leather shoes, and leather clothing. It is the most suitable for production. leather shoes. 1.1.2 Sheepskin (leather) Sheepskin mainly includes goat skin and sheep skin. The texture of the goat leather is in a semicircular arc, with 2-4 needle pores arranged on the arc, surrounded by a large number of fine cashmere pores, the pores are arranged in fish scales, and the feel is extensible. The sheep leather surface is smooth and clean, the leather is thin, the pores are small, and it is oblate. It is composed of several pores and arranged in a long row. The color is uniform. , but with lower intensity. Sheepskin processed from sheepskin is soft and thin, which is an ideal fabric for leather clothing and is often used as a high-end clothing material. However, it has low strength and is easy to rot. It can only be used for leather clothing and gloves, not shoe uppers and handbags. 1.1.3 Pigskin (leather) The surface leather of pigskin is rough, has obvious pores and is arranged in a triangle, with poor elasticity and poor aesthetic effect, but it is durable and strong. The processed pig leather has good air permeability and water vapor permeability, rough grain, tight fiber, plump and poor elasticity, and can be used for the production of various leather products. It has greater strength and wear resistance, the strength is similar to that of cow leather, and it is stronger than sheep leather, so the product is durable. However, it has poor aesthetics and poor toughness. Generally, it can only be used to make linings, or for some decorative purposes, and it is not easy to fade. 1.2 Substitute leather 1.2.1 Artificial leather Artificial leather is also called imitation leather or rubber, which is a general term for artificial materials such as PVC and PU. It is made of various formulas of PVC and PU foam or lamination on the textile cloth base or non-woven base. Patterns and other requirements are processed, and have the characteristics of a wide variety of colors, good waterproof performance, neat edges, high utilization rate and cheaper price than genuine leather. Artificial leather is a very popular type of material that is commonly used to make various leather products, or to replace some genuine leather materials. Its increasingly advanced production technology is being widely used in the processing and production of two-layer leather. Nowadays, artificial leather with characteristics similar to real leather has been produced and launched. Its surface technology and the fibrous structure of its base material almost achieve the effect of real leather, and its price is comparable to that of domestic top layer leather.
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