Analysis of Influencing Factors of Color Fastness to Wet Rubbing of Fabrics

The color fastness to wet rubbing of fabrics is an important indicator for the testing of textile dyeing fastness. The color fastness to rubbing tester for textiles is a testing instrument. Applicable standards: ASTMF1319, AATCC8/165, BS1006D02, GB/T3920, ISO105D02/X12, JISL0849, M&SC8/C8A, NEXTTM6. Main parameters: 1. Diameter of friction head: 16mm±0.1 or 25mm±0.1; 2. Friction stroke: 104/100mm (adjustable); 3. Vertical pressure: 9N±10% (AATCC standard); 4. Running speed of friction head: 104±3mm/min (AATCC standard); 5. Number of reciprocating movements in one test: 10 times; 6. Friction speed: 60±1rpm/min; 7. Power connection: 220V, 50Hz; 8. Standard friction white cloth: 50×50mm, desizing, bleached, cotton fabric without optical brighteners and finishes. In addition, the R&D engineer said that there are many factors that affect the color fastness test of fabrics to wet rubbing. The material itself, dyeing process, experimental operation methods and conditions will all have certain influences. Influencing factors: 1. Dye performance Some dyes with better water solubility, such as reactive dyes, contain groups with excellent water solubility, which are beneficial to the dissolution and dyeing of dyes during the dyeing process. However, during the wet rub test, due to the presence of water, the reactive dye molecules tend to separate from the fiber and dissolve in water, thereby reducing the bonding of the reactive dye to the fiber. Some dyes with poor water solubility, such as vat dyes, are generally mechanically pad dyed on the fibers in a suspended state during the continuous pad dyeing process. After reduction steaming, they become water-soluble dyes. The fibers are then oxidized, soaped, and fixed on the fibers. At this point, the vat dye molecules return to a water-insoluble state. Therefore, vat dyed fabrics have better wet rubbing fastness than dyed fabrics dyed with reactive dyes because of the water-insoluble nature of the dyed dyes. 2. Color depth (dye concentration) Under the same conditions of fabric, pretreatment and dyeing process, the darker the color, the higher the dye concentration, the greater the concentration gradient of dye molecules between the test fabric and the rubbing white cloth, and the dye is transferred to the rubbing cloth. The greater the possibility of white cloth, the worse the wet rubbing fastness. 3. The effect of floating color The floating color includes hydrolyzed dyes and dyes that have not been hydrolyzed but have reacted with fibers. These dyes are attracted to the fibers by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, and have a low affinity with the fibers, and can be easily detached from the fabric when subjected to a small external force. Therefore, the floating color is an important factor affecting the wet rubbing fastness of the fabric. 4. The influence of water quality If hard water is used to chemical materials, especially the color-fixing liquid, due to the presence of anions such as CO32- and OH-, they react with Ca2+ and Mg2+ to form insoluble substances such as Ca2CO3 and MgCO3. These insoluble substances combine with dyes to form a lake and deposit on the surface of the fabric, which greatly increases the friction force during rubbing, resulting in a decrease in wet rubbing fastness. In addition, Ca2+ and Mg2+ can also react with some anions on the dye molecules and transform into water-insoluble substances, thereby weakening the hydrophilicity of the dyes, making the dyes difficult to dissolve and diffuse, and the floating color is not easy to wash off when washed with water. 5. Fabric structure and surface finish The structure of the fabric affects the smoothness of the fabric surface, and the smoothness determines the frictional force during the friction test and affects the rubbing fastness. Another important factor is the surface finish of the fabric. The ends of the fibers are exposed on the surface of the yarn, thereby forming a layer of fuzz on the surface of the fabric. During the dyeing and finishing process, this layer of fluff is constantly rubbed and washed, and its adhesion to the fabric is already very poor. When it is subjected to external force, some short fluffs are separated from the fabric and stained on the white cloth. In actual production, the rubbing fastness of abrasive cloth is 0.5 to 1 level worse than that of mercerized cloth.
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